7 Pioneering Early Submarines

7 Pioneering Early Submarines

Maria - June 20, 2016

When the British mathematician and naval manuals writer William Bourne first wrote about the enclosed boat which could be submerged and rowed underwater, no one had the slightest idea there would ever be a world war. The time was 1578. Science was nascent. And the idea of submarines was born.

Bourne did not build this boat he conceived. But when Cornelius van Drebbel picked up the idea, he laid the foundation for what would later become an indispensable military seagoing vessel. The 19th century became the peak for the advancement of the concept of undersea vehicles. Wars came and made this process an urgent necessity. Their locomotive power evolved from mere hand cranks and pedals to powered engines. Submarines soon started showing up in actual combats. Here are seven of the pioneering vessels that first took the plunge beneath the surface of deep waters.

7. Drebbel

7 Pioneering Early Submarines

Cornelius Drebbel, alias Cornelius van Drebbel, a Dutch inventor took up William Bourne’s idea of an undersea boat and constructed the very first working prototype of a sub in the 17th century. This was merely a modified version of the typical rowboat. The chassis was coated in greased leather and the vessel was operated by a crew of oarsmen.

In its trial phase, he dived the vessel successfully between 12 and 15 feet beneath the surface of River Thames. The demonstration was witnessed by King James and a huge multitude of astonished English onlookers.

6. Turtle

7 Pioneering Early Submarines

The ‘Turtle’ is best remembered as the first submarine ever used in combat. It was invented by a graduate of Yale called David Bushnell during the American Revolution. This was a one-man human-powered wooden craft that relied on foot treadle and hand crank for its propulsion and could submerge and resurface as guided by its pedal-operated water tank. It also had a lead ballast to keep it vertical inside water.

The sub could be used to approach a rival ship undetected and plant a mine of 150 pounds of gunpowder using a screw. The first person to use the Turtle in a military operation was Continental Army private Ezra Lee on September 7, 1776, against the British warship HMS Eagle in New York Harbor. With only some minimal training, Lee tried to attach a time bomb to the hull of the ship but had to abort the mission when he was unsuccessful. Bushnell quit the submarine project after failed attempts to use the sub to sink enemy ships. The invention, however, went down in history as a brilliant effort.

5. Nautilus

7 Pioneering Early Submarines

This was another invention by an American after the Turtle and was the first metal submarine ever built. America’s Robert Fulton designed the Nautilus in 1800 while working for the French government. Nautilus was a 21-foot undersea featuring multiple groundbreaking innovations. Its hull took the shape of a cigar. It had a copper conning tower and used a hand-driven, four-bladed propeller for underwater movement. For its surface travel, the vessel featured a fan sail and collapsible mast on its rear. It had diving planes used to submerge it and copper bottles filled with compressed oxygen for the crew. After it had failed to win both the French and the English navies, Nautilus was dismantled and sold for scrap.

4. Sea Devil

7 Pioneering Early Submarines

Sea Devil was the work of Wilhelm Bauer, a Bavarian inventor, and engineer. His first sub built in 1850 sank in water during a demonstration nearly costing him his life. This didn’t stop him from further experimenting with more hand-powered submarines. When the Russian government eventually funded his work, he built a new vessel after which he settled for his premium “Sea Devil,” a 52-foot sub that could carry up to a dozen men.

This ship embodied a host of technological advances. It had numerous ballast tanks for enhanced buoyancy, a propeller, an internal treadmill and a crude airlock. Sea Devil made well over 130 successful dives but eventually got lost at sea.

3. Le Plongeur

7 Pioneering Early Submarines

Le Plongeur, or “The Diver” got its name from the fact that it represented the very first submarines to use mechanical power. This French-made sea craft by Simeon Bourgeois and Charles Brun (both naval officers) used a piston engine powered by compressed air instead of the regular hand mills. It measured 140 feet long and supplied its crewmen with oxygen from the same air reservoir used to propel its engine. The Diver, or Le Plongeur as it was known, made several successful dives but was eventually taken out of active duty in 1872 because of its limited air supply and dangerous, unstable structure.

2. Ictineo II

7 Pioneering Early Submarines

Narcís Monturiol, a Spanish inventor, and political activist after he witnessed in 1857 the drowning death of a coral diver built Ictineo II Estarriol. The sub was, therefore, his way of ensuring there was an underwater vehicle that would increase worker safety. This was a pioneering sea craft widely known today as the world’s first engine-powered submarine.

The Ictineo II had a double hull and featured four pump-operated ballast tanks and a system of weights that gave the 46-foot vessel a remarkable stability. Monturiol made an anaerobic steam engine that relied on a chemical reaction to create heat and oxygen that propelled the sub. It made a successful dive in 1867. It was later sold for scrap because of funding problems.

1. Argonaut

7 Pioneering Early Submarines

Built by an American engineer Simon Lake in 1897, Argonaut represented a major leap in the submarine technology away from its predecessors that had only been capable of completing short runs close to the shore. This 36-foot sea craft featuring a 30-horsepower gasoline engine propeller had a unique set of wheels that enabled it to move on the seabed. It also had a number of technological breakthroughs including a periscope, a floating hose, and a diving chamber. The floating hose provided air for both the engine and crew and this enabled it to cruise far deeper into the water body.

With the submarine, Lake made what had since been termed the first open ocean voyage by a submarine. The voyage involved a trip that started in Norfolk, through Virginia to Sandy Hook, New Jersey. This was after he had used the craft to salvage sunken shipwrecks in the Chesapeake Bay. Lake further developed dozens of subaquatic vehicles for the United States Navy and produced well over 200 patents

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